Recently Published PROMPT Research

The studies highlighted in this section have been published within the last 18 months. More than 30 studies have been published on PROMPT and can be viewed in the listings further down on this page.

Neural Changes Induced by a Speech Motor Treatment in Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Case Series was published in the Journal of Child Neurology on July 28th, 2021.

Ten children with Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) participated. Five were assigned motor speech treatment (PROMPT) and five were assigned nonspeech oral motor treatment.  Speech assessment and brain MRI were performed pre- and post-treatment. Results indicated children with CAS who received PROMPT treatment showed more marked effects on speech motor control and related connectivity compared with nonspeech oral motor treatment. Download article for free here.

PROMPT Intervention for Children with Severe Speech Motor Delay: A Randomized Control Trial - Featured in Pediatric Research in May of 2020.

The Department of Speech-Language Pathology at the University of Toronto successfully completed a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) of PROMPT intervention for children with moderate-to-severe speech sound disorders this year yielding ground breaking results regarding the  efficacy of the Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets (PROMPT) approach. Learn more - read article. 

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Please note many of the publications below are copyrighted material. The PROMPT Institute can not provide copies/access to those publications, but we have provided references for you to locate those publications through your literature search resources. We apologize that we can not respond to inquiries for access to these publications.

Peer Reviewed PROMPT Research (By Population)

PROMPT Research with Speech Sound Disorders (SSD in Children)

Grigos, M., Hayden, D., & Eigen, J. (2010). Perceptual and articulatory changes in speech production following PROMPT treatment. Journal of Medical Speech Pathology, 18(4), 46-53.

Namasivayam, A.K., Huynh, A., Granata, F. et al. PROMPT intervention for children with severe speech motor delay: a randomized control trial. Pediatr Res (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-0924-4

Namasivayam, A. K., Pukonen, M., Goshulak, D., Yu, V. Y., Kadis, D. S., Kroll, R., . . . De Nil, L. F. (2013). Changes in speech intelligibility following motor speech treatment in children. Journal of Communication Disorders, 46(3), 264-80.

Square, P. A., Namasivayam, A. K., Bose, A., Goshulak, D., & Hayden, D. (2014). Multi-sensory treatment for children with developmental motor speech disorders. International   Journal of Language and Communication disorders. 49(5), 527-542.

Yu, V. Y., Kadis, D. S., Oh, A., Goshulak, D., Namasivayam, A. K., Pukonen, M., . . . Pang, E. W. (2014). Changes in voice onset time and motor speech measures in children with motor speech disorders after PROMPT therapy. Clinical Linguistic and Phonetics, 28(6), 396- 412.

PROMPT Research with CAS (Childhood Apraxia of Speech)

Dale, P., & Hayden, D. (2013). Treating speech subsystems in CAS with tactual input: The PROMPT approach. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 4, 644-661.

Kadis, D. S., Goshulak, D., Namasivayam, A., Pukonen, M., Kroll, R., De Nil, L. F., . . . Lerch, J. P. (2014). Cortical thickness in children receiving intensive therapy for idiopathic apraxia of   speech. Brain Topography, 27(2), 240-247.

PROMPT Research with Cerebral Palsy 

Ward, R., Leitão, S., & Strauss, G. (2009). The effectiveness of PROMPT therapy for children with moderate-to-severe speech disorders associated with Cerebral Palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 51 (Suppl. 5), 76.

Ward, R., Leitão, S., & Strauss, G. (2014). An evaluation of the effectiveness of PROMPT therapy in improving speech production accuracy in six children with cerebral palsy. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(4), 355-371.

Ward, R., Strauss, G., & Leitão, S. (2013). Kinematic changes in jaw and lip control of children with cerebral palsy following participation in a motor-speech (PROMPT) intervention. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15(2), 136-155.

PROMPT Research with Autism 

Rogers, S. J., Hayden, D., Hepburn, S., Charlifue-Smith, R., Hall, T., & Hayes, A. (2006). Teaching young nonverbal children with autism useful speech: A pilot study of the Denver Model and PROMPT interventions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(8),1007–1024.

PROMPT Research with Broca's Aphasia and Adult Apraxia

Bose, A., Square, P. A., Schlosser, R., & van Lieshout, P. (2001). Effects of PROMPT therapy on speech motor function in a person with aphasia and apraxia of speech. Aphasiology, 15(8), 767–785.

Freed, D. B., Marshal, R. C., & Frazier, K. E. (1997). Long term effectiveness of PROMPT treatment in a severely apraxic-aphasic speaker.Aphasiology, 11(4/5), 365–342.

Theoretical Framework and Foundations of PROMPT Treatment Approach 

Hayden, D., Namasivayam, A. K., & Ward, R., Eigen, J., & Clark, A. (2020). The PROMPT approach: Theory, Evidence, Use and Application. In L. Williams, S. McLeod, & R.  McCauley (Eds.), Interventions for
Speech Sound Disorders (pp. 477-504). Second Edition, Baltimore, Maryland: Brookes Publishing.

Namasivayam A.K, Coleman D, O’Dwyer A and Van Lieshout, P. (2020). Speech Sound Disorders in Children: An Articulatory Phonology Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology. 10:2998. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02998.

Hayden, D. (1984). The PROMPT system of therapy: Theoretical framework and applications for developmental apraxia of speech. Seminars in Speech and Language, 5, 139–156.

Hayden, D. A. (1994). Differential diagnosis of motor speech dysfunction in children. Clinics in Communication Disorders, 4(2), 119–141.

Hayden, D. (2004). PROMPT: A tactually grounded treatment approach to speech production disorders. In I. Stockman (Ed.), Movement and action in learning and development: Clinical implications for pervasive developmental disorders (pp. 255–297). San Diego, CA: Elsevier–Academic Press.

Hayden, D. (2006). The PROMPT model: Use and application for children with mixed phonological-motor impairment. Advances in Speech-Language Pathology, 8(3), 265–281.

Hayden, D. A., & Square, P. A. (1994). Motor speech treatment hierarchy: A systems approach. Clinics in Communication Disorders, 4(3), 162–174.

Square-Storer, P., & Hayden, D. A. (1989). PROMPT treatment. In P. Square-Storer (Ed.), Acquired apraxia of speech in aphasic adults (pp. 190-219). New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.

PROMPT Treatment Fidelity, Process Standardization, Assessment/Outcome Measurement

Hayden, D., Namasivayam, A. K., & Ward, R. (2015). The assessment of fidelity in a motor speech treatment approach. Speech, Language & Hearing, 18(1), 30-38.

Namasivayam,  A. K., Huynh, A., Bali, R., Granata, F., Law, V., Rampersaud, D.,Hard, J., Ward, R., Helms-Park, R., Van Lieshout, P.H.H. M., & Hayden, D. (2020, in press). Development and Validation of a Probe Word list to Assess Speech Motor Skills in Children. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology.

Hayden, D. A., & Square, P. (1999).Verbal Motor Production Assessment for Children (VMPAC). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.

Kearney, E., Granata, F., Yunusova, Y., van Lieshout, P., Hayden, D., & Namasivayam, A. (2015). Outcome measures in developmental speech sound disorders with a motor basis. Current Developmental Disorders, 2, 253-272.

McCauley, R., & Strand, E. (2008). A review of standardized tests of nonverbal oral and speech motor performance in children. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17, 181-91.

Namasivayam A, K., Bali, R., Ward, R., Tieu, K.D., Yan, T., Hayden, D., & Van Lieshout, P.H.H.M. (2018). Measuring and Training Speech-Language Pathologists’ Orofacial Cueing: A Pilot Demonstration. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 1-10.   https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jhe/2018/4323046/

Non-Peer Reviewed (Book Chapters and Sample Conferences)

Bose, A., & Square, P. A. (2001, December). PROMPT treatment method and apraxia of speech. SID2 Newsletter, 11(4), 5–8.

Hayden, D., Eigen, J., Walker, A., & Olsen, L. (2010). PROMPT: A tactually grounded model. In L. Williams, S. McLeod, & R. McCauley (Eds.), Interventions for Speech Sound Disorders in Children. Baltimore, MD: Brookes.

Square, P. A., Chumpelik (Hayden), D. A., & Adams, S. G. (1985). Efficacy of the PROMPT system of therapy for the treatment of acquired apraxia of speech. In R. H. Brookshire (Ed.), Clinical aphasiology: Conference proceedings (pp. 319–320). Minneapolis, MN: BRK Publishers.

Square, P. A., Chumpelik (Hayden), D. A., Morningstar, D., & Adams, S. G. (1986). Efficacy of the PROMPT system of therapy for the treatment of apraxia of speech: A follow-up investigation. In R. H. Brookshire (Ed.), Clinical aphasiology: Conference proceedings (pp. 221–226). Minneapolis, MN: BBK Publishers.

Other PROMPT Related Research

Development Functional Modules in Infant Vocalizations: Interesting research by Ray Kent in the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research published in May of 2021.

Kent proposes that Developmental functional modules (DFMs) are biological modules that are defined by their structural (morphological), functional, or developmental elements, and, in some cases, all three of these. DFM perspective also aligns with DST (Dynamic Systems Theory) in that motor behavior at any point in development is a joint product of the system biomechanics and task objectives. It is proposed that DFM’s serve as low-dimensional control variables for the developing vocal tract and that they reflect the biomechanical properties that apply to a given stage of development. DFMs interact with one another to provide the foundations for speech development. Learn more - read article.